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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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[Posttranscriptional messenger RNA modifications in eukaryotes].

I G Laptev1,2, A Ya Golovina3, P V Sergiev1,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia;

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
|December 30, 2015
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Summary

Discover the world of RNA epigenetics! This review explores messenger RNA modifications in eukaryotes, detailing their mapping, functions, and the proteins involved in these crucial cellular processes.

Keywords:
5-methylcytidine6-methyladenosineinosinepseuouridine

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Context:

  • Posttranscriptional modifications are abundant in eukaryotic RNA, with tens of thousands of sites identified.
  • Key modified nucleotides include 6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine, and inosine.
  • While some modification sites are conserved and regulated, the functions of most remain largely unknown.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of posttranscriptional messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications in eukaryotes.
  • To discuss the techniques used for mapping these RNA modifications.
  • To highlight the proteins responsible for catalyzing and regulating RNA modifications.

Summary:

  • This review examines the landscape of mRNA modifications in eukaryotes, a field now termed RNA epigenetics.
  • It covers major types of modifications, their cellular roles, and advanced mapping methodologies.
  • The proteins governing these RNA modifications are also detailed, offering insights into their mechanisms.

Impact:

  • Advances understanding of RNA epigenetics and its role in cellular function.
  • Highlights the importance of mapping and characterizing RNA modifications.
  • Provides a foundation for future research into the functions of obscure modified nucleotides.