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Portmanteau Constructions, Phrase Structure, and Linearization.

Brian Hok-Shing Chan1

  • 1Department of English, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Macau Macau, China.

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Summary

Bilingual code-switching can create unique "portmanteau" sentences where words from both languages combine. This study proposes a psycholinguistic explanation for these structures, linking word order to the production process in bilingual speakers.

Keywords:
code-switchinglinearizationphrase structureportmanteau constructionword order

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Bilingualism

Background:

  • Bilingual code-switching involves languages with different head-complement orders.
  • Portmanteau sentences, where a head is lexicalized from both languages, have been observed but lack systematic analysis.
  • Existing code-switching models do not fully explain these structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a systematic, formal analysis of portmanteau sentences in bilingual code-switching.
  • To challenge existing theories of linearization and phrase structure.
  • To propose a novel account integrating syntax and psycholinguistics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of portmanteau sentence structures within current syntactic theory.
  • Integration of psycholinguistic principles of bilingualism and language production.
  • Proposal of a linearization process at the Sensori-Motor (SM) interface.

Main Results:

  • Portmanteau constructions challenge binary-branching and Antisymmetry hypotheses.
  • These structures are explained as the output of co-activated head-complement orders in bilingual speakers.
  • The underlying structure is a simple XP where a head merges with its complement.

Conclusions:

  • Portmanteau sentences are a predictable outcome of bilingual processing, not an anomaly.
  • Linearization is a production process, not solely determined by syntactic trees.
  • The proposed account offers a unified explanation for these complex code-switching phenomena.