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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

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Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and...
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When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
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The sign test for matched pairs offers a robust method for comparing two paired samples, often for the effects of an intervention in one of them. This method is very useful in situations where the underlying distribution of the data is unknown. The test compares two related samples—often pre- and post-treatment measurements on the same subjects—to determine if there are significant differences in their median values.
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Negative Full Counting Statistics Arise from Interference Effects.

Patrick P Hofer1,2, A A Clerk1

  • 1Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8.

Physical Review Letters
|January 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative quasiprobabilities in quantum systems arise from interference effects, visualized through Hilbert space trajectories. This finding, demonstrated in bosonic resonators, suggests experimental detection using superconducting circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Quantum optics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Keldysh-ordered full counting statistics (FCS) quantifies fluctuations of integrated quantum observables.
  • A known characteristic of FCS is its potential to yield negative quasiprobability values.
  • The physical interpretation and origin of this negativity in FCS have remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the origin and interpretation of negative quasiprobabilities in Keldysh-ordered full counting statistics.
  • To establish a connection between negative quasiprobabilities and observable quantum phenomena.
  • To propose experimental methods for detecting negative quasiprobabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Developing a theoretical framework linking FCS to Hilbert space trajectories.
  • Analyzing the role of interference effects in generating negative quasiprobabilities.
  • Illustrating the theoretical findings with a specific physical system: energy fluctuations in a driven bosonic resonator.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that negative quasiprobabilities in FCS are directly linked to an unusual interference effect.
  • Established a clear interpretation of negative quasiprobabilities through the lens of quantum trajectories.
  • Identified energy fluctuations in a driven bosonic resonator as a system exhibiting this phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Negative quasiprobabilities in Keldysh-ordered full counting statistics are a consequence of quantum interference.
  • The Hilbert space trajectory formalism provides a direct physical interpretation for these negative values.
  • Experimental detection of negative quasiprobabilities is feasible in systems like superconducting microwave circuits.