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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Detecting the Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization Activity of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Using the Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay
Published on: December 19, 2018
Optimizing Ligand Efficiency of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)
Anthony L Handlon1, Lee T Schaller1, Lisa M Leesnitzer1
1Metabolic Pathways Cardiovascular Unit and Platform Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-0939, United States.
Abstract:
A series of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) containing the 1-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol core have been optimized for androgen receptor (AR) potency and drug-like properties. We have taken advantage of the lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE) parameter as a guide to interpret the effect of structural changes on AR activity. Over the course of optimization efforts the LLE increased over 3 log units leading to a SARM 43 with nanomolar potency, good aqueous kinetic solubility (>700 μM), and high oral bioavailability in rats (83%).
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