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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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A twist in zygotic reprogramming.

Daniel M Messerschmidt1

  • 1Developmental Epigenetics and Disease Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138672.

Nature Cell Biology
|January 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Early mammalian embryo development involves epigenetic reprogramming. Paternal genome demethylation is initially Tet-independent, with Tet enzymes later opposing de novo DNA methylation.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Mammalian embryogenesis requires extensive epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Active demethylation of the paternal genome is a key event.
  • Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) enzymes are known to mediate DNA demethylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and timing of Tet enzymes in paternal genome demethylation during early embryogenesis.
  • To identify the mechanisms driving DNA methylation changes in the zygote.
  • To understand the interplay between demethylation and de novo methylation in early development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in early mammalian embryos.
  • Investigation of Tet enzyme activity and localization.

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  • Assessment of de novo DNA methylation activity in zygotic stages.

    • Main Results:

    • Paternal genome demethylation in the initial hours of mammalian embryogenesis is Tet-independent.
    • A previously underappreciated de novo DNA methylation activity occurs in later zygotic stages.
    • Tet enzymes counteract this de novo methylation in subsequent developmental phases.

    Conclusions:

    • The initial phase of paternal genome reprogramming is not reliant on Tet enzymes.
    • De novo DNA methylation plays a significant role in early mammalian development, counteracted by Tet enzymes later.
    • This finding redefines the understanding of epigenetic reprogramming dynamics in mammalian embryos.