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Related Concept Videos

Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Microbiota, immunity and the liver.

T Vaikunthanathan1, N Safinia1, G Lombardi1

  • 1MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.

Immunology Letters
|February 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota influences host health and disease. Disruptions in this microbial community are linked to liver disease development and progression, impacting immune function.

Keywords:
ImmunityLiver diseaseMicrobiota

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • The gut microbiome, comprising over 100 trillion microbial cells, exists in symbiosis with the host.
  • Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, is increasingly implicated in various diseases beyond the gut.
  • The liver and gut share a close anatomical and circulatory connection, making the liver susceptible to gut-derived factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the intricate interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immune system.
  • To highlight the critical role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of liver diseases.
  • To explore the potential of targeting the microbiota for liver disease treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on gut microbiota and liver disease.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the interplay between microbial communities, immune responses, and liver pathology.
  • Examination of evidence supporting microbiota-driven mechanisms in liver disease.

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiota significantly influences host metabolism, nutrition, and immune system function.
  • Perturbations in the gut microbiota are associated with the development and exacerbation of liver diseases.
  • Microbial metabolites and components can modulate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining liver health and in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
  • Understanding the gut-liver axis offers novel therapeutic strategies for liver conditions.
  • Modulating the gut microbiota presents a promising avenue for the treatment and prevention of liver diseases.