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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Noncoding RNAs, Emerging Regulators in Root Endosymbioses.

Christine Lelandais-Brière1, Jérémy Moreau1, Caroline Hartmann1

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Plant endosymbiosis relies on signaling pathways involving transcription factors and small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Recent findings highlight how microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) regulate key transcription factors in plant-microbe interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Symbiotic interactions

Background:

  • Endosymbiosis, including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and nitrogen-fixing symbioses, enables plants to thrive in nutrient-poor soils.
  • These symbioses involve complex signaling pathways initiated by lipochitooligosaccharides, sharing components with plant root development pathways.
  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are crucial regulators of gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances connecting small ncRNAs with the regulation of transcription factors (TFs) in plant endosymbiosis.
  • To explore the integration of hormonal regulations with miRNA-TF regulatory nodes within endosymbiosis signaling pathways.
  • To highlight the diversity and regulatory networks of small miRNAs in legumes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on plant endosymbiosis signaling.
  • Analysis of data linking conserved si/miRNAs to the regulation of specific TFs (NSP2, NFY-A1, auxin-response factors, AP2-like proteins).
  • Integration of findings into a model illustrating feedback loops and regulatory networks.

Main Results:

  • Conserved si/miRNAs are linked to the regulation of key TFs involved in plant-microbe symbiosis.
  • A model is proposed where hormonal regulations and miRNA-TF interactions form integrated feedback loops controlling endosymbiosis.
  • Emerging regulatory networks of small miRNAs in legumes are identified, showcasing their diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Small ncRNAs, particularly miRNAs and siRNAs, play a significant role in regulating transcription factors essential for endosymbiosis.
  • The interplay between hormonal signals and miRNA-TF regulatory nodes is critical for integrating and controlling endosymbiotic signaling pathways.
  • Further research into legume miRNA networks will deepen our understanding of plant adaptation and crop improvement.