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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

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Altered gene expression in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma.

Alka Mahale1, Hind Alkatan2, Saeed Alwadani1,2,3

  • 1King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc
|February 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified key molecular changes in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, a malignancy of the ocular surface. Upregulation of MMP-9, MMP-11, and S100A2, and downregulation of clusterin, are associated with this eye cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a significant malignancy affecting the ocular surface.
  • The underlying molecular mechanisms driving cSCC development and progression remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cSCC.
  • To elucidate the molecular drivers of ocular surface tumorigenesis by comparing transcriptional profiles of cSCC with normal conjunctiva.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptional profiling of eight snap-frozen cSCCs and one in situ lesion against normal conjunctival specimens using oligonucleotide microarrays.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemical analysis to validate microarray findings.

Main Results:

  • Significant alterations in gene expression were identified, including upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, MMP-11) and S100A2 (calcium-binding protein).
  • Clusterin was found to be the most downregulated gene, with an approximate 180-fold reduction in mRNA expression.
  • Immunohistochemistry confirmed overexpression of MMP-11 and S100A2, and reduced clusterin levels in independent cSCC samples.

Conclusions:

  • Upregulation of MMP-9, MMP-11, and S100A2, alongside downregulation of clusterin, are molecular alterations associated with epithelial tumorigenesis on the ocular surface.
  • These identified genes represent potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma.