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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
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Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

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Status Epilepticus.

Syndi Seinfeld1, Howard P Goodkin2, Shlomo Shinnar3

  • 1Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0211.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|March 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency. Prolonged seizures, especially febrile status epilepticus (FSE) in children, can cause hippocampal injury and lead to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Status epilepticus (SE) comprises prolonged seizures, posing a neurological emergency.
  • SE affects all age groups, with higher incidence in the very young and elderly.
  • Febrile status epilepticus (FSE) in children is a common SE subtype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of status epilepticus.
  • To highlight the link between FSE and subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
  • To emphasize the consistency of findings between animal models and human data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on status epilepticus in animal models and humans.
  • Comparative analysis of pathophysiology and treatment responses.
  • Examination of long-term consequences, including hippocampal injury and epilepsy development.

Main Results:

  • SE is a diverse neurological emergency with varying clinical presentations.
  • Animal studies provide controlled insights into SE pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Human data corroborate animal findings, particularly the association between FSE and hippocampal injury leading to TLE.

Conclusions:

  • Status epilepticus requires urgent medical attention due to potential long-term neurological damage.
  • Hippocampal injury from FSE is a significant risk factor for developing temporal lobe epilepsy in children.
  • Animal models are valuable for understanding SE, with findings translating to human conditions.