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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Activation of Integrins01:15

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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
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Integrins01:10

Integrins

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Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
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Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

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Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
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Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

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Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes
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Endosomes: Emerging Platforms for Integrin-Mediated FAK Signalling.

Jonna Alanko1, Johanna Ivaska2

  • 1Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.

Trends in Cell Biology
|March 6, 2016
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Summary

Integrins signal from endosomes, not just the cell surface. This endosomal integrin-mediated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling promotes cancer metastasis, offering a new therapeutic target.

Keywords:
Rab21anoikisendocytosisfocal adhesion kinase (FAK)integrin signallingintegrin traffic

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Integrins are key cell adhesion receptors mediating extracellular matrix (ECM) signals.
  • ECM-integrin signaling impacts cell survival and migration.
  • Signaling was traditionally attributed solely to plasma membrane adhesion sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore integrin signaling originating from endosomes.
  • To investigate the role of endosomal focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in cancer.
  • To evaluate endosomal FAK as a potential cancer therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data on integrin endocytosis and signaling.
  • Analysis of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathways.
  • Discussion of cancer metastasis mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Integrin signaling occurs from endosomes, not exclusively the plasma membrane.
  • Integrin-mediated FAK signaling depends on integrin endocytosis.
  • Endosomal FAK signaling supports anchorage-independent growth and anoikis resistance, facilitating metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Endosomal integrin signaling represents a novel mechanism in cell adhesion and migration.
  • Endosomal FAK signaling plays a significant role in cancer progression.
  • Targeting endosomal FAK may offer new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.