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Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Environmental Enteric Dysfunction in Children.

Sana Syed1, Asad Ali, Christopher Duggan

  • 1*Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA†Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) causes persistent stunting and malnutrition in children despite reduced diarrhea deaths. This review explores EED causes, impacts, and potential interventions for improved child health globally.

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Area of Science:

  • Global child health
  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of mortality in children under five in low-resource settings.
  • Despite declining diarrhea deaths, high rates of stunting and malnutrition persist.
  • Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), characterized by intestinal inflammation and villous blunting due to fecal-oral contamination, is increasingly recognized as a key factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on the causes and potential interventions for Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) in children.
  • To highlight the epidemiology, clinical, and histological classification of EED.
  • To discuss novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for EED.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on EED in children.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data related to diarrheal diseases and malnutrition.
  • Examination of histological findings and proposed biomarkers for EED.
  • Discussion of current and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • EED is a subclinical condition linked to persistent intestinal inflammation and villous atrophy.
  • The clinical impact of EED is significant, contributing to the failure of nutritional interventions and oral vaccine efficacy.
  • Novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches for EED are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • EED is a critical factor underlying persistent malnutrition and treatment failures in resource-poor countries.
  • Further research into EED biomarkers and targeted therapies is essential.
  • Addressing EED is crucial for improving child survival and development outcomes globally.