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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Types of Enols and Enolates01:19

Types of Enols and Enolates

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Aldehydes and ketones form enols, although only about 1% of the enol is present at the equilibrium for simple monocarbonyl compounds. The enol form is undetectable for acetaldehyde, present as only 1.5 × 10−4 % of acetone, and present as only 1.2% of cyclohexanone. Two kinds of regioisomeric enols are possible for unsymmetrical ketones, and their net composition is 1% at equilibrium. This instability is due to the lower bond energy of C=C than the C=O group. The additional...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

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Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types01:01

Classification of Titrimetric Analysis Based on Reaction Types

2.0K
Titrimetric analysis in solution chemistry involves measuring the volume of solutions and is often called volumetric analysis. The standard solution of known concentration in the burette is called the titrant, whereas the solution of unknown concentration in the flask is called the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analyses can be classified into four types based on the reactions between the titrant and analyte.
Titrations between an acid and a base lead to neutralization reactions that form...
2.0K
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Preparation of SNS CobaltII Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
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Enzyme classification using complex dynamic hemithioacetal systems.

Yan Zhang1, H Surangi N Jayawardena, Mingdi Yan

  • 1Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden. ramstrom@kth.se.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|March 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a dynamic hemithioacetal system to study lipase activity in organic solvents. This system, combined with pattern recognition, successfully grouped twelve lipases based on their unique reaction profiles, aiding in enzyme classification.

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme kinetics
  • Organic chemistry

Background:

  • Lipases are crucial enzymes for various industrial applications.
  • Evaluating lipase activity and selectivity in organic media presents challenges.
  • Novel methods are needed for accurate enzyme characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel hemithioacetal system for assessing lipase reactivity.
  • To classify diverse lipases based on their performance in organic solvents.
  • To establish a predictive model for enzyme categorization.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a complex dynamic hemithioacetal system.
  • Application of pattern recognition methodology for data analysis.
  • Classification of twelve different lipases into distinct groups.

Main Results:

  • Successful evaluation of lipase reactivities in organic media.
  • Classification of twelve lipases into four distinct groups based on selectivity and reactivity.
  • Categorization of a probe lipase using a predictive training matrix.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic hemithioacetal system is effective for lipase evaluation in organic media.
  • Pattern recognition aids in classifying lipases by their reaction behavior.
  • This approach provides a robust method for enzyme characterization and prediction.