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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
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Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Published on: June 16, 2014

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Association Between Small Decrease in Serum Sodium Concentration within the Normal Range and All-Cause and

Shin Y Ahn1,2, Yoon S Park1, Seong W Lee1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seong-Nam, Korea.

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
|March 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A lower serum sodium level within the normal range is a significant risk factor for mortality in elderly adults. Corrected sodium levels, adjusted for glucose, are more predictive of survival than measured levels.

Keywords:
elderly populationmortalitysodium

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Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
08:50

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Published on: June 16, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Serum sodium concentration is a critical electrolyte balance indicator.
  • Subtle decreases in serum sodium within the normal range may have clinical implications in older populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prognostic significance of serum sodium levels within the normal range in elderly adults.
  • To compare the predictive value of measured versus glucose-corrected serum sodium levels for mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study design.
  • Inclusion of 949 community-based elderly participants with normal serum sodium (135.0–145.0 mEq/L).
  • Follow-up for mortality over approximately 63 months.

Main Results:

  • A serum sodium level of 135.0–138.0 mEq/L was associated with a 2.7-fold higher mortality risk compared to 138.1–142.0 mEq/L.
  • Each 2-mEq/L increase in serum sodium reduced mortality risk by 14.9% (P=0.048).
  • Glucose-corrected sodium levels were more indicative of survival than measured levels.

Conclusions:

  • Lower serum sodium concentrations within the normal range represent a significant mortality risk factor in the elderly.
  • Glucose-corrected serum sodium is a more meaningful predictor of mortality than measured serum sodium in this population.