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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

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Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing
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Insulin delivery methods: Past, present and future.

Rima B Shah1, Manhar Patel2, David M Maahs3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, GMERS Medial College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
|March 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with diabetes need insulin delivery beyond injections. This review explores alternative methods like inhaled, oral, and nasal insulin, aiming for less invasive options to improve blood glucose control.

Keywords:
Diabetes mellitusartificial pancreasclosed-loop systeminhaled insulininsulin deliveryoral insulintechnology

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often require insulin therapy.
  • Subcutaneous insulin injections are the standard but present challenges like pain and noncompliance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review past, present, and future insulin delivery techniques.
  • To explore minimally invasive and noninvasive insulin administration routes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of various insulin delivery systems.
  • Analysis of advantages and limitations of different routes.

Main Results:

  • Subcutaneous delivery has drawbacks; inhaled insulin was withdrawn.
  • Investigational routes include oral, buccal, nasal, peritoneal, and transdermal delivery.

Conclusions:

  • There is a significant need for improved, less invasive insulin delivery methods.
  • Ongoing research aims to develop new drug delivery technologies for better diabetes management.