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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Circular RNA Expression: Its Potential Regulation and Function.

Julia Salzman¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG

|April 7, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered feature of eukaryotic gene expression, found ubiquitously across species. Their varied abundance and cell-specific expression suggest important regulatory roles.

Keywords:

RNA RNA splicing circRNA circular RNA

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Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Published on: March 10, 2020

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

Published on: October 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
RNA Biology

Background:

Eukaryotic gene expression traditionally involves messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding RNA (ncRNA).
In 2012, circular RNA (circRNA) expression was identified as a novel feature of eukaryotic gene expression.
CircRNAs are covalently closed molecules, typically formed from exonic sequences via canonical splicing.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the widespread nature of circRNA expression across eukaryotes.
To discuss the variable abundance and cell-type specificity of circRNAs.
To raise questions about the regulation and function of circRNAs.

Main Methods:

Discovery and characterization of circRNAs in various eukaryotic species.
Analysis of circRNA expression patterns across different cell types and developmental stages.
Comparative studies of circRNA abundance relative to linear RNA transcripts.

Main Results:

CircRNAs are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes, not just humans and mice.
CircRNA abundance varies significantly by cell type and can surpass linear RNA levels.
CircRNAs are particularly enriched in the brain and increase during fetal development.

Conclusions:

The discovery of circRNAs expands our understanding of eukaryotic gene expression.
Cell-specific expression patterns suggest regulatory roles for circRNAs.
Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of circRNA regulation and their functional significance.