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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Purposive Learning01:22

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
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A Method for Investigating "Instructional Familiarity" and Discerning Authentic Learning.

K D Royal1, M W Hedgpeth2, K W Smith3

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research
|April 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medical education assessments should consider instructional familiarity alongside traditional metrics. This approach enhances the evaluation of authentic learning by understanding students' familiarity with exam content.

Keywords:
Action researchAssessmentMedical educationPsychometricsTesting

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Psychometrics
  • Assessment Design

Background:

  • Traditional medical education assessments rely on item difficulty and discrimination.
  • Instructional familiarity (IF) is proposed as a crucial, yet often overlooked, psychometric quality indicator.
  • Understanding IF is essential for accurately interpreting test score meaning and quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate "instructional sensitivity" for criterion-referenced assessments.
  • To define and emphasize the significance of "instructional familiarity" in modern medical education.
  • To empirically assess the impact of IF on medical school examination measures.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-method, action research design was employed in a medical endocrinology course.
  • Instructor-rated instructional familiarity (IF) was collected for each examination item.
  • Rasch measurement models and correlation analyses were used to investigate IF effects.

Main Results:

  • The proposed methodology effectively distinguishes genuine learning from rote memorization.
  • Incorporating IF provides valuable contextual information often missed by traditional psychometric analyses.
  • This approach offers a more nuanced understanding of student performance and item quality.

Conclusions:

  • The study advocates for the adoption of IF assessment in medical education.
  • This straightforward methodology improves the validity of inferences drawn from student learning.
  • Integrating IF enhances the overall quality and interpretability of assessment data.