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Related Concept Videos

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
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Polyether complexes of groups 13 and 14.

Ala'aeddeen Swidan1, Charles L B Macdonald

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. cmacd@uwindsor.ca.

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in polyether ligand chemistry reveal new low oxidation state complexes of heavier Group 13 and 14 elements, including indium(I) and silicon(II). Ligand properties significantly influence these novel coordination compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Main Group Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyether ligands like crown ethers and glymes are crucial in stabilizing metal ions.
  • Historically, heavier Group 13 and 14 elements in complexes primarily involved lead(II) and thallium(I).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements (2005-present) in polyether ligand complexes with heavier Group 13 and 14 elements.
  • To highlight the role of ligand characteristics and structural aspects in these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on coordination chemistry studies.
  • Analysis of structural data and chemical properties of polyether complexes.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of low oxidation state complexes of indium(I), gallium(I), germanium(II), and silicon(II) using polyether ligands.
  • Demonstration of the significant impact of ligand size, donor type, and counter anions on complex stability and reactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Polyether ligands enable the stabilization of unusual low oxidation states in heavier Group 13 and 14 elements.
  • Structural insights into these coordination complexes are key to understanding their unique chemical properties and contributions to main group chemistry.