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Quantitative rotating frame relaxometry methods in MRI.

Irtiza Ali Gilani1,2,3, Raimo Sepponen4

  • 1Brain Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.

NMR in Biomedicine
|April 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Rotating frame relaxometry MRI measures tissue changes using R1ρ and R2ρ relaxation rates. This review explores methods to overcome challenges in clinical applications, focusing on RF excitation schemes for accurate measurements.

Keywords:
MRI sequence designT1ρ MRIT2ρ MRIadiabatic pulses for T1ρ and T2ρ relaxationendogenous contrast methodsquantitative relaxometry in MRIrotating frame relaxation rate mappingspin-lock MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Macromolecular degeneration and biochemical changes in tissues are quantifiable using MRI.
  • Rotating frame relaxation rates, R1ρ and R2ρ, serve as sensitive biomarkers for cellular-level phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present existing MRI methods for investigating biophysical mechanisms influencing rotating frame relaxation rates (R1ρ and R2ρ).
  • To review theoretical and experimental approaches for designing RF excitation schemes to improve R1ρ and R2ρ measurements.
  • To summarize current clinical applications of rotating frame MRI sequences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing MRI techniques for probing biophysical mechanisms affecting R1ρ and R2ρ.
  • Description of theoretical and experimental approaches for designing hard RF pulse cluster- and adiabatic RF pulse-based excitation schemes.
  • Review of MRI acquisition strategies for quantitative relaxation rate measurement in the rotating frame regime.

Main Results:

  • Identified long acquisition times and high RF energy deposition as major barriers for R1ρ and R2ρ MRI at high magnetic fields.
  • Presented strategies for accurate and precise measurements of R1ρ and R2ρ using optimized RF excitation schemes.
  • Summarized current clinical uses of rotating frame MRI sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical applications of R1ρ and R2ρ MRI remain challenging due to technical limitations.
  • Optimized RF pulse designs and acquisition strategies are crucial for accurate quantitative measurements.
  • Rotating frame MRI holds potential for assessing tissue biophysics and biochemistry, pending further development.