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Related Concept Videos

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

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Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Facilitated Transport01:19

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers
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Megafauna moves nutrients uphill.

Michael Gross

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Large animals are crucial for nutrient transport in ecosystems, but megafauna extinctions have severely reduced this vital service. Humans and livestock are not compensating for this loss, impacting ecosystem health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine biology
    • Ecosystem services
    • Conservation science

    Background:

    • Large animals play a critical role in nutrient cycling and transport within marine and freshwater ecosystems.
    • Historically, megafauna facilitated the movement of nutrients, preventing their sequestration in sediments and enhancing ecosystem productivity.
    • The decline of megafauna populations due to extinctions has significantly impaired this essential ecosystem service.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the significant role of large animals in nutrient transport and ecosystem health.
    • To assess the impact of megafauna extinctions on nutrient availability.
    • To evaluate the current capacity of humans and livestock to fulfill the nutrient transport role of extinct megafauna.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing ecological literature on nutrient transport by marine and freshwater fauna.
    • Analysis of historical data on megafauna populations and their estimated impact on nutrient cycling.
    • Comparative assessment of nutrient transport services provided by extant large animals, including livestock, versus historical megafauna.

    Main Results:

    • Large animals possess a disproportionately high capacity for nutrient transport against water flow.
    • Megafauna extinctions have led to a dramatic reduction in ecosystem-wide nutrient transport.
    • Current populations of humans and livestock do not adequately replace the nutrient transport services lost due to megafauna extinctions.

    Conclusions:

    • The loss of megafauna has critically diminished nutrient availability in many ecosystems.
    • Urgent conservation efforts are needed to protect remaining large animal populations and restore ecosystem functions.
    • Restoring megafauna populations is essential for maintaining healthy and productive aquatic ecosystems.