Advances in hepatitis E - I: virology, pathogenesis and diagnosis

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Hepatology
• Infectious Diseases

Background:

• Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis globally.
• HEV, initially known as a human-specific pathogen, is now recognized to infect various animal species.
• Recent advancements have significantly altered the understanding of HEV and its disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current knowledge on the structure, genomics, taxonomy, and epidemiology of human and related animal HEV strains.
• To discuss HEV replication, host specificity, and available study models.
• To summarize insights into HEV pathogenesis and diagnostic techniques.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of HEV research.
• Analysis of recent findings on HEV structure, genetics, and host range.
• Evaluation of in vitro systems and animal models for HEV studies.

Main Results:

• HEV is now known to have an enveloped form and infect multiple vertebrate hosts, necessitating revised phylogenetic classification.
• Development of in vitro replicons and chimeric mouse models has enhanced understanding of HEV replication and pathogenesis.
• New diagnostic techniques and insights into HEV epidemiology are emerging.

Conclusions:

• The expanded host range and newly identified HEV forms necessitate a re-evaluation of HEV classification and epidemiology.
• Advanced research models are crucial for further unraveling HEV pathogenesis and developing effective interventions.
• Continued research is vital for improved diagnosis and control of HEV infections worldwide.