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Related Concept Videos

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:20

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Venous Thrombosis IV: Nursing Management01:30

Venous Thrombosis IV: Nursing Management

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Nursing management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's health history. Key factors include trauma to veins, peripherally inserted central catheters, varicose veins, recent pregnancy or childbirth, surgery, bacteremia, prolonged bed rest, atrial fibrillation, COPD, heart failure, cancer, coagulation disorders, myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, stroke, prolonged travel, recent bone fractures, and dehydration. Review medication intake, particularly oral contraceptives,...
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Varicose Veins I: Introduction01:26

Varicose Veins I: Introduction

311
Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Screening for Proximal Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis
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Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Screening for Proximal Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis

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Venous thrombosis.

Alisa S Wolberg1,2, Frits R Rosendaal3,4, Jeffrey I Weitz5

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 819 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, USA.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, is a major cause of death and disability. Understanding its risk factors and mechanisms is crucial for developing new preventive and therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Hematology
  • Thrombosis Research

Background:

  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprising deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, is a significant global health burden, ranking as the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost and third cause of cardiovascular death.
  • VTE complications, such as post-thrombotic syndrome from DVT and chronic pulmonary hypertension from pulmonary embolism, severely impair quality of life.
  • Identified risk factors for VTE include genetic predispositions (e.g., non-O blood groups, Factor V Leiden mutation) and acquired conditions (e.g., oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, advanced age, surgery, hospitalization, long-haul travel).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of venous thromboembolism (VTE), covering its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis, including the roles of blood stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, and specific cellular and molecular factors.
  • To emphasize the need for novel therapeutic approaches with improved safety profiles for the prevention and management of VTE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and research on venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism.
  • Synthesis of information regarding genetic and acquired risk factors, pathophysiological pathways, and diagnostic modalities for VTE.
  • Analysis of current treatment paradigms, including anticoagulants and thrombolytics, and identification of gaps in existing therapies.

Main Results:

  • VTE is a complex condition triggered by a combination of blood stasis, plasma hypercoagulability, and endothelial dysfunction, often initiating in venous valve pockets.
  • Animal studies implicate various components in thrombosis pathogenesis, including leukocytes, platelets, tissue factor-positive microvesicles, neutrophil extracellular traps, and factors XI and XII.
  • Current diagnostic approaches involve laboratory tests (e.g., D-dimer) and imaging, while treatment focuses on anticoagulation to prevent extension and recurrence, and thrombolytics for acute cases.

Conclusions:

  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents a critical area in cardiovascular and hematological research due to its high morbidity and mortality.
  • A deeper understanding of VTE pathogenesis, involving intricate interactions of genetic, acquired, and cellular factors, is essential for advancing clinical practice.
  • The development of innovative and safer therapies is imperative to effectively prevent and treat VTE and its debilitating consequences.