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Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

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The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Breastfeeding beyond infancy: a concept analysis.

Meredith Brockway1, Lorraine Venturato1

  • 1Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Journal of Advanced Nursing
|May 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breastfeeding beyond infancy, defined as continued nursing past 12 months, is linked to parenting beliefs and maternal-child bonding. Many mothers face stigma, highlighting the need for nursing support for this extended breastfeeding practice.

Keywords:
Rodgers' concept analysisbreastfeedingbreastfeeding beyond infancyextended breastfeedingnursingsustained breastfeeding

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Area of Science:

  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Pediatrics
  • Sociology of Health

Background:

  • International health organizations recommend breastfeeding until 2 years and beyond.
  • Limited research exists on breastfeeding children over 12 months of age.
  • Breastfeeding beyond infancy is defined as any breastfeeding after 12 months, irrespective of weaning initiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the concept of breastfeeding beyond infancy.
  • To explore the characteristics and consequences of extended breastfeeding.
  • To understand the role of healthcare professionals in supporting this practice.

Main Methods:

  • Concept analysis using Rodger's framework.
  • Systematic literature search up to 2014 using keywords related to extended breastfeeding duration.
  • Inclusion of all study designs and observational, descriptive, and opinion papers.

Main Results:

  • Essential attributes identified: health benefits, maternal profiles, parenting style, and experiences.
  • Consequences noted: stigma and secrecy surrounding the practice.
  • Exploration of the nurse's role in supporting breastfeeding beyond infancy.

Conclusions:

  • Extended breastfeeding is rooted in parenting beliefs focused on maternal-child attachment and meeting child needs.
  • Mothers often hide breastfeeding behaviors due to societal judgment and comments.
  • Nurses should support and promote breastfeeding beyond infancy for the bio-psycho-social well-being of mother and child.