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Related Concept Videos

Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Glycosaminoglycans01:23

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Detection of Glycosaminoglycans by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining
05:57

Detection of Glycosaminoglycans by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining

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Heparan Sulfate: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Function.

J-P Li1, M Kusche-Gullberg2

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; SciLifeLab, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|June 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are crucial for development and disease. Their functions depend on interactions with proteins, influenced by HS-side chain structures, which vary greatly.

Keywords:
amyloidbiosynthesiscancercytokinesheparan sulfateheparininflammationproteoglycan

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) are vital cell surface and extracellular matrix components in animals.
  • HSPG functions are primarily mediated by interactions between HS-side chains and various proteins like growth factors and cytokines.
  • The structural diversity of HS, arising from regulated biosynthesis, allows for varied interactions with protein ligands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure-function relationships of heparan sulfate (HS) in mediating protein interactions.
  • To understand how the structural variability of HS influences its biological functions in development, homeostasis, and disease.
  • To explore the implications of HS-protein interactions for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro binding assays using defined HS saccharides.
  • Cell-based signaling assays with manipulated HS structures.
  • Gene disruption studies in animal models (mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila, C. elegans) followed by phenotypic analysis.

Main Results:

  • Some protein ligands require specific HS structures for binding.
  • Other protein ligands bind to diverse HS domains without strict sequence dependence.
  • HS-protein interactions exhibit a range of structural specificity.

Conclusions:

  • The functional significance of HS biosynthesis regulation and its structural variability warrants further investigation.
  • Understanding HS-protein interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies targeting HS-mediated processes.
  • The diverse binding modes highlight the complexity of HS in biological systems.