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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

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NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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Rotatable Small Permanent Magnet Array for Ultra-Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation: A Concept

Michael W Vogel1, Andrea Giorni1, Viktor Vegh1

  • 1Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Plos One
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamically adjustable permanent magnets can create variable magnetic fields for ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. This innovation enhances system portability by replacing traditional electromagnets.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry traditionally relies on bulky electromagnets.
  • The need for portable and energy-efficient NMR systems is growing.
  • Permanent magnets offer a potential alternative to electromagnets for generating magnetic fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using dynamically adjustable permanent magnets for generating variable magnetic fields in NMR relaxometry.
  • To explore the potential of replacing electromagnets with permanent magnet arrays to improve system portability.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations using the finite element method (COMSOL®) were performed on a small permanent magnet array.
  • Key parameters such as magnetic field strength, homogeneity, switching time, and magnetic forces were calculated.
  • A manually operated prototype was simulated and constructed to validate the numerical findings.

Main Results:

  • A concentric small permanent magnet array can generate strong pre-polarisation fields (>100 mT) and variable measurement fields (20-50 μT).
  • High field homogeneity (200 ppm) was achieved within a 5 x 5 x 5 cm³ field-of-view.
  • Simple magnet rotations enable dynamic adjustment of magnetic fields for NMR applications.

Conclusions:

  • A dynamic small permanent magnet array can successfully generate the multiple, highly homogeneous magnetic fields required for ultra-low field NMR and MRI.
  • This permanent magnet-based design significantly reduces the volume and energy consumption compared to traditional electromagnet systems.
  • The proposed approach offers a substantial improvement in the portability of NMR and MRI instruments.