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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
Published on: June 30, 2021
Cellular Organization of Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Kara Gross Margolis1, Michael David Gershon2, Milena Bogunovic3
1Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract:
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest immune organ; in vertebrates, it is the only organ whose function is controlled by its own intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), but it is additionally regulated by extrinsic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation. The GI nervous and immune systems are highly integrated in their common goal, which is to unite digestive functions with protection from ingested environmental threats. This review discusses the physiological relevance of enteric neuroimmune integration by summarizing the current knowledge of evolutionary and developmental pathways, cellular organization, and molecular mechanisms of neuroimmune interactions in health and disease.
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