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Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Zones of Protection01:16

Zones of Protection

897
In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...
897
Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

475
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
475
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

885
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Physical Layer Security Using Two-Path Successive Relaying.

Qian Yu Liau1, Chee Yen Leow2, Zhiguo Ding3

  • 1Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia. qianyuliau@gmail.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two half-duplex relays in a novel protocol achieve full-duplex relaying secrecy rates. This method offers lower interception and outage probabilities, enhancing wireless physical-layer security.

Keywords:
5Gcooperative relay networksintercept probabilityphysical layer secrecysecrecy capacitysecrecy outage probabilitytwo-path successive relayingwireless sensor network

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication security
  • Information theory
  • Network protocols

Background:

  • Relaying enhances wireless physical-layer security.
  • Full-duplex relaying improves secrecy but is complex.
  • Two-path successive relaying offers an alternative to full-duplex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the performance of two-path successive relaying in secrecy communication.
  • To propose a secrecy two-path successive relaying protocol.
  • To analyze its effectiveness against eavesdroppers.

Main Methods:

  • A novel protocol using two half-duplex relays operating in time division mode.
  • Analytical derivations for probability of interception and secrecy outage.
  • Numerical simulations to compare performance against existing schemes.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme achieves the ergodic achievable secrecy rate of full-duplex relaying.
  • It offers a quadratically lower probability of interception compared to full-duplex relaying.
  • Lowest probability of interception and secrecy outage probability demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • Two-path successive relaying provides an efficient alternative for enhanced wireless security.
  • The proposed protocol effectively mitigates eavesdropping.
  • This approach balances performance and implementation complexity.