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Patterns of Residential Segregation.

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  • 1Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, IPhT, CNRS-URA 2306, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

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This study introduces new methods to measure income segregation in cities, revealing three distinct income classes. Higher-income households concentrate in larger cities and high-density areas, challenging social polarization theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Urban Sociology
  • Spatial Analysis
  • Socioeconomic Geography

Background:

  • Understanding income distribution in cities is crucial for urban planning and societal equity.
  • Existing measures of residential segregation often lack clarity in defining income classes, neighborhoods, and handling polycentric urban structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, unified framework for analyzing urban income segregation.
  • To introduce new measures of representation and exposure for income groups.
  • To provide an unambiguous, parameter-free method for defining income classes and analyzing their spatial distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a conceptual framework starting from what segregation is not, leading to measures of representation and exposure.
  • Introduced a parameter-free method for defining income classes based on representation and exposure.
  • Applied the framework to the 2014 American Community Survey data.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct income classes (low, middle, higher) from 16 original categories.
  • Found higher-income households are more prevalent in larger cities, contradicting increased social polarization.
  • Demonstrated that higher-income groups are overrepresented in high-density zones, particularly in larger cities.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a clear and robust method for studying urban income segregation.
  • Income distribution in cities is influenced by density, not just proximity to a center, especially in polycentric cities.
  • Findings suggest density is a key factor in urban income structures and may explain cross-continental differences in urban patterns.