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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system influencing tumor progression and treatment.
  • Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is crucial for nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
  • TME characteristics significantly impact the efficiency of nanoparticle delivery to tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of the tumor microenvironment on nanoparticle delivery.
  • To identify strategies for modulating the TME to enhance nanoparticle delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of scientific databases for relevant studies.
  • Systematic review and synthesis of findings on TME factors and nanoparticle delivery.

Main Results:

  • Elevated interstitial fluid pressure, abnormal tumor vasculature, dense extracellular matrix, and solid stress impede nanoparticle extravasation and penetration.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting the TME include vascular normalization, lymph normalization, stroma reduction, and receptor expression modulation.
  • Priming the tumor microenvironment through cytotoxic therapy can also improve nanoparticle delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating the tumor microenvironment is a viable strategy to enhance nanoparticle delivery efficiency.
  • Targeting TME components offers a promising approach for improving cancer nanomedicine efficacy.