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Related Concept Videos

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
When a bending moment is applied at an angle θ concerning the vertical axis of a symmetrical member, it can be resolved into components along the member's principal...
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Unsymmetric Bending01:18

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from those in symmetrical bending, and are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions. In unsymmetrical bending, the neutral axis—where stress is zero—does not necessarily align with the geometric axes of the cross-section. The...
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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and...
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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Compact highly-efficient polarization splitter and rotator based on 90° bends.

Kang Tan, Ying Huang, Guo-Qiang Lo

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    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a compact, efficient CMOS-compatible polarization splitter and rotator (PSR) for the O-band. This device integrates bending, splitting, and rotating functions, achieving high performance in a small footprint.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Integrated Optics
    • Semiconductor Devices

    Background:

    • Polarization management is crucial in optical systems.
    • Existing polarization splitters and rotators often lack compactness or broad bandwidth.
    • CMOS-compatible fabrication is desired for scalable photonic integrated circuits.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel compact and highly-efficient polarization splitter and rotator (PSR).
    • To achieve wide bandwidth operation covering the entire O-band.
    • To enable simultaneous bending, splitting, and rotating of light in a single device.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a unique bend structure exploiting differential mode confinement.
    • Designing a compact device compatible with CMOS fabrication processes.
    • Performing numerical simulations with Lumerical 3-D Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) solutions.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high TM-TE conversion efficiency of -0.11 dB and TE-TE conversion efficiency of -0.09 dB at 1310 nm.
    • Demonstrated excellent extinction ratios of 27.36 dB (TM-TE) and 30.61 dB (TE-TE).
    • The proposed design offers a wide operational bandwidth across the O-band.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed PSR is compact, highly efficient, and CMOS-compatible.
    • The novel bend structure effectively integrates multiple polarization functions.
    • This device is suitable for advanced integrated photonic applications requiring precise polarization control.