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Simplified layered MLSE for PAM4 short-reach optical interconnects.

Mengqi Guo, Ji Zhou, Haide Wang

    Optics Express
    |June 11, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new simplified layered maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) significantly cuts processing delay and hardware needs for high-speed optical interconnects. This method achieves similar bit error rates to conventional MLSE but with much lower complexity.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Digital signal processing
    • VLSI design

    Background:

    • High-speed optical interconnects are crucial for modern data centers and high-performance computing.
    • Conventional Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) faces challenges in processing delay and hardware complexity for next-generation data rates.
    • Pulse Amplitude Modulation with 4 levels (PAM4) is a key modulation scheme for achieving higher data rates.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a simplified layered Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) algorithm.
    • To reduce processing delay and hardware resource utilization (multipliers, adders, comparators) in optical interconnects.
    • To validate the performance of the proposed MLSE in a real-world high-speed optical transmission system.

    Main Methods:

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    • Development of a novel simplified layered architecture for MLSE.
    • Experimental validation using a 112-Gbit/s PAM4 optical transmission system over 2-km of standard single-mode fiber.
    • Comparative analysis of the proposed MLSE against conventional MLSE in terms of bit error rate (BER), processing delay, and hardware resource count.

    Main Results:

    • The simplified layered MLSE achieved nearly identical bit error rate performance compared to the conventional MLSE.
    • Processing delay was significantly reduced from 34 clock cycles to 7 clock cycles.
    • Hardware resources were substantially reduced: multipliers by 93.6%, adders by 3.7%, and comparators by 67.2%.

    Conclusions:

    • The simplified layered MLSE effectively addresses the high-speed and high-efficiency demands of optical interconnects.
    • The proposed method offers a significant reduction in processing delay and hardware complexity without compromising performance.
    • This approach is a promising solution for future high-capacity optical communication systems.