Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 17, 2026
10:28
A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
Published on: June 26, 2020
10.4K
Liver Failure due to Acute Viral Hepatitis (A-E)
Paul Manka1, Jens Verheyen2, Guido Gerken3
1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College, London, UK.
Visceral Medicine
|July 15, 2016
Summary
Viral hepatitis remains a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF). While liver transplantation was once the primary treatment, nucleotide analogs now effectively manage hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced ALF.
Area of Science:
- Hepatology
- Virology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Viral hepatitis is a significant global cause of acute liver failure (ALF).
- Hepatitis A, B, and E are primary viral culprits, with increasing autochthonous hepatitis E infections in Europe.
- Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in immunosuppressed patients is a growing concern.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of acute liver failure (ALF) caused by viral hepatitis.
- To examine the epidemiology, clinical course, and treatment strategies for viral hepatitis-induced ALF.
- To highlight current trends and therapeutic advancements in managing viral hepatitis-related liver failure.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed database was performed.
- Inclusion criteria encompassed recent studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines.
- The search focused on viral hepatitis as an etiology of ALF, covering epidemiology, disease progression, and treatment.
Main Results:
- Hepatitis A, B, and B/D infections are most frequently associated with fulminant courses, unlike hepatitis C.
- Hepatitis E causes ALF and is increasingly observed in Europe, even in non-endemic areas.
- Nucleotide/nucleoside analog treatment for HBV-induced ALF shows positive outcomes, offering an alternative to liver transplantation.
Conclusions:
- Despite declining numbers in Western Europe, etiological diagnosis through screening for hepatitis A-E is crucial.
- Identifying patients at high risk for developing ALF from viral hepatitis is essential for timely intervention.
- Effective management strategies, including antiviral therapy for HBV, are improving outcomes for viral hepatitis-induced ALF.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder
2.2K
Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not...
2.2K
01:22Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test
248
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
248
01:28Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management
730
Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
730
01:29Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens
2.4K
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
2.4K
01:27Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction
1.4K
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
1.4K
01:29Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations
1.2K
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
1.2K