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Related Concept Videos

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
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Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Understanding Cerebellar Pattern Formation
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Understanding Cerebellar Pattern Formation

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Cerebellar and Brainstem Malformations.

Andrea Poretti1, Eugen Boltshauser2, Thierry A G M Huisman3

  • 1Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Tower, Room 4174, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0842, USA; Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
|July 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuroimaging advances enhance posterior fossa evaluation, revealing diverse cerebellar and brainstem malformations. Understanding these malformations is key for effective treatment, prognosis, and genetic counseling.

Keywords:
Brain stemCerebellumChildrenDiffusion tensor imagingMalformationNeuroimaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Neuroimaging advancements have increased the evaluation of the posterior fossa.
  • Detailed assessment of complex posterior fossa anatomy is now possible.
  • A broad range of cerebellar and brainstem malformations have been identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss cerebellar and brainstem malformations.
  • To emphasize neuroimaging findings and diagnostic criteria.
  • To cover neurologic presentation, systemic involvement, prognosis, and recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for cerebellar and brainstem malformations.
  • Synthesis of information on clinical presentation and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Neuroimaging allows detailed evaluation of posterior fossa structures.
  • A wide spectrum of cerebellar and brainstem malformations is recognized.
  • Diagnostic criteria are well-defined for these malformations.

Conclusions:

  • Familiarity with malformations is crucial for optimal therapy.
  • Accurate prognosis and genetic counseling depend on understanding these conditions.
  • Neuroimaging plays a vital role in diagnosing and managing posterior fossa malformations.