Post-Treatment Causes of Encephalopathy

This article provides a comprehensive review of acute encephalopathic syndromes caused by multiple therapeutic medications, emphasizing their imaging features and underlying mechanisms. It covers chemotherapeutic-related acute encephalopathies such as acute toxic leukoencephalopathy, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and neurovascular complications of chemotherapy; immunotherapy-induced neurotoxicities including immunotherapy-associated encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, cranial neuropathies, demyelination, and hypophysitis; and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy-related syndromes such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity, and tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity. Toxicities from non-cancer medications-metronidazole, vigabatrin, and anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies-are also discussed.