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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
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For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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Quantifying Carbon-14 for Biology Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy.

A Daniel McCartt1, Ted J Ognibene1, Graham Bench1

  • 1Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|July 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument accurately measures carbon-14 in biological samples. This powerful tool offers accessible carbon-14 tracer techniques for complex biochemical system analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Nuclear Science

Background:

  • Carbon-14 (¹⁴C) is a crucial isotope for tracing biochemical pathways and metabolic processes.
  • Traditional methods for ¹⁴C measurement, such as accelerator mass spectrometry, can be complex and costly.
  • Developing accessible and robust techniques for ¹⁴C analysis is essential for advancing biological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a novel cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument for precise ¹⁴C measurements.
  • To assess the performance of the CRDS system in biological matrices.
  • To demonstrate the utility of CRDS for pharmacokinetic studies using ¹⁴C tracers.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a CRDS instrument utilizing established hardware for ¹⁴C detection.
  • System characterization using ¹⁴C-enriched glucose samples to determine linearity and dynamic range.
  • Assessment of the method detection limit using ¹⁴C-free and contemporary ¹⁴C samples with varied ¹³C concentrations.
  • Validation of the CRDS method by comparing pharmacokinetic data with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results from guinea pig studies.

Main Results:

  • The CRDS instrument demonstrated a linear response for ¹⁴C measurements up to 387 times contemporary levels.
  • The method detection limit was determined to be approximately one-third of contemporary ¹⁴C levels.
  • Pharmacokinetic data obtained using CRDS in guinea pigs showed good agreement with data obtained using AMS.
  • Sources of potential inaccuracies were identified and discussed.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CRDS instrument provides a robust and accessible method for measuring ¹⁴C in biological studies.
  • CRDS offers a powerful alternative for ¹⁴C tracer applications, enabling detailed characterization of complex biochemical systems.
  • This technology can facilitate broader application of ¹⁴C tracing in metabolic research and drug development.