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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
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Cranial Neuralgias.

Zahid H Bajwa1, Sarah S Smith2, Shehryar N Khawaja3

  • 1Clinical Research, Boston Pain Care, Boston Headache Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Waltham, MA, USA.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
|August 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Improved diagnostic tools enhance understanding of head and face neuropathic pain. Accurate diagnosis and localization guide effective medical and surgical treatments for cranial neuralgias and facial pain.

Keywords:
CompressionCranial neuralgiasTrigeminal neuralgia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Neuropathic pain in the head and face is complex.
  • Understanding its pathophysiology has been limited.
  • Diagnostic challenges exist in accurately identifying pain sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in diagnostic modalities for head and facial neuropathic pain.
  • To highlight recent nomenclature updates for cranial neuralgias and facial pain.
  • To emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis for treatment selection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on diagnostic techniques.
  • Analysis of recent updates in classification of facial pain syndromes.
  • Synthesis of information linking diagnosis to treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Diagnostic modalities have significantly improved understanding.
  • Updated nomenclature provides a framework for precise diagnosis.
  • Accurate localization of pain generators is achievable.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in diagnostics are crucial for understanding neuropathic pain.
  • Precise diagnosis and localization are essential for effective management.
  • Targeted medical and surgical interventions are facilitated by accurate diagnosis.