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Related Concept Videos

Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale01:22

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The definition of temperature in terms of molecular motion suggests that there should be a lowest possible temperature, where the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero (or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics). Experiments confirm the existence of such a temperature, called absolute zero. An absolute temperature scale is one whose zero point is absolute zero. Such scales are convenient in science because several physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, are directly...
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

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Interval Level of Measurement00:55

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For effective statistical analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
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Quantifying Heat02:46

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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
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The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements.

B W Mangum1, G T Furukawa1, K G Kreider1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) provides accurate thermodynamic temperature realizations through fixed-point calibrations and advanced radiation thermometry. This research details its practical implementation and dissemination for precise temperature measurements.

Keywords:
Johnson noise thermometryKelvinSPRTsacoustic thermometryblackbody sourcescalibrationsgas thermometrypyrometersradiation thermometrythermocouples

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Area of Science:

  • Metrology
  • Thermodynamics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is the standard for accurate temperature measurement.
  • Accurate thermodynamic temperature realization is crucial for scientific and industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the realization and dissemination of the ITS-90.
  • To detail methods for contact and radiation thermometry.
  • To present ongoing research in thermometry.

Main Methods:

  • Contact thermometry realization up to 1234.93 K using 15 fixed points and vapor pressure/temperature relations.
  • Radiation thermometry realization above 1234.93 K using spectroradiometer calibration with blackbody sources.
  • Absolute spectral and total radiometry from 60 K to 3000 K.

Main Results:

  • High-quality temperature realization and measurement documented for ITS-90.
  • Advancements in thermodynamic temperature uncertainty through sound velocity measurements and noise thermometry.
  • Dissemination of temperature scale via calibration services for blackbody sources, lamps, and pyrometers.

Conclusions:

  • The ITS-90 is effectively realized and disseminated through established methods.
  • Ongoing research continues to refine temperature measurement accuracy and expand capabilities.
  • Calibration services and resources are available to the thermometry community.