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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment....
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers
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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers

Published on: September 29, 2017

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Transporting mitochondria in neurons.

Meredith M Course1, Xinnan Wang2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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|August 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria, the powerhouses of neurons, must be precisely distributed to meet energy demands. Dysfunctional mitochondrial distribution is linked to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Keywords:
MyosinsTransporting mitochondriadyneinmitochondrianeurons

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neurons require substantial and variable energy supplies.
  • Mitochondria are crucial for neuronal energy production, calcium buffering, and signaling.
  • The complex structure of neurons presents challenges for mitochondrial transport and distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the mechanisms and regulatory systems governing mitochondrial distribution in neurons.
  • To explore how understanding mitochondrial dynamics aids in comprehending neurological dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial transport and dynamics in neurons.
  • Analysis of regulatory systems involved in mitochondrial distribution.
  • Connecting mitochondrial distribution defects to neurological disorders.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria are synthesized in the soma and transported to neuronal terminals.
  • Damaged mitochondria undergo repair, retrograde transport to the soma for disposal, or elimination at terminals.
  • Improper mitochondrial distribution is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Proper mitochondrial distribution is essential for neuronal health and function.
  • Dysregulation of mitochondrial transport and dynamics contributes to neurological diseases.
  • Further research into mitochondrial distribution machinery can inform therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.