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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Folliculogenesis01:20

Folliculogenesis

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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
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Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

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Primary Ovarian Insufficiency.

Joop S E Laven1

  • 1Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Seminars in Reproductive Medicine
|August 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) involves early menopause due to genetic factors. Advanced genetic techniques identify new causative genes, aiding in genetic counseling and fertility guidance for affected women.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by the cessation of menstruation before the typical age of menopause.
  • Etiologies of POI include genetic, autoimmune, and iatrogenic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetic basis of POI, emphasizing recent findings from advanced genetic techniques.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding the genetic underpinnings of POI for reproductive health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature focusing on genetic studies of POI.
  • Inclusion of data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole-exome sequencing (WES), and next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Main Results:

  • Numerous genes implicated in POI pathophysiology have been identified using advanced sequencing techniques.

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  • Replication of findings in independent studies is ongoing, with many identified genes awaiting functional validation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Elucidating the genetic basis of POI is crucial for understanding ovarian physiology and providing genetic counseling.
    • Future genetic variant detection may enable prediction of menopause age and inform fertility preservation options like oocyte cryopreservation.