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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Dacryolithiasis: A Review.

Kapil Mishra1, Karen Y Hu, Saurabh Kamal

  • 1*Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.; †ProAdnexa Oculoplasty Solutions, Faridabad, Haryana, India; ‡Ophthalmic Plastic, Orbital, and Reconstructive Surgery, New York Eye & Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York, U.S.A.; §Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai West Hospital & Mount Sinai St. Luke' s Hospital, New York, New York, U.S.A.; ‖Institute of Dacryology, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; ¶Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery & Ocular Oncology Services, Advanced Eye Hospital & Institute, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; and #Department of Ophthalmology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College & General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, India.

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dacryolithiasis, or tear stones, commonly present as epiphora and dacryocystitis. Dacryocystorhinostomy is the most effective treatment for symptomatic cases, though the role of incidentally found tear stones requires further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Lacrimal System Disorders

Background:

  • Dacryolithiasis involves the formation of calculus-like masses within the lacrimal drainage system.
  • These stones can lead to significant symptoms and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for dacryolithiasis.
  • To summarize current knowledge on the presentation and treatment of tear stones.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of English-language PubMed articles on dacryolithiasis was conducted.
  • Included studies covered epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Main Results:

  • Common symptoms include epiphora, dacryocystitis, and punctal discharge.
  • Dacryocystorhinostomy with stone removal is the most effective treatment for symptomatic dacryolithiasis.
  • The trifoil factor family proteins play a role in the pathogenesis of dacryoliths.

Conclusions:

  • Management focuses on resolving secondary obstruction and inflammation caused by dacryoliths.
  • Incidental dacryolith findings during surgery may not have a clear prognostic value.
  • Clinical suspicion is raised by unilateral sac distension and medial canthal masses.