Simulation-based training and assessment in urological surgery.

Area of Science:

• Medical Simulation
• Surgical Training
• Urology

Background:

• Simulation is increasingly accepted as a supplementary training method in urology.
• Endourology has the most procedure-specific simulation models and validation studies.
• Open urological simulation has a limited number of validated models.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current state of simulation modalities in urological training.
• To identify gaps in validated simulation models, particularly for open surgery.
• To discuss the integration of simulation into surgical curricula.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on urological simulation models.
• Categorization of simulation modalities (virtual reality, bench models, dry-lab, ex vivo, live animal, cadaveric).
• Discussion of newer simulation concepts (augmented reality, patient-specific simulators).

Main Results:

• Virtual reality (VR) simulators are prevalent in endourology and robotic surgery.
• High-fidelity bench models are common in endourology.
• Limited validated models exist for open urological surgery.
• Augmented reality (AR) and patient-specific simulators are emerging technologies.

Conclusions:

• Structured curricula incorporating validated simulation models and nontechnical skills training are recommended.
• Simulation should supplement, not replace, operating room training.
• Further development of validated models for open urological surgery is needed.