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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

Published on: May 3, 2018

Second-Order Footsteps Illusions.

Akiyoshi Kitaoka¹, Stuart Anstis²

¹Department of Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan.

|August 24, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The footsteps illusion shows that perceived speed of moving squares changes with contrast. New second-order illusions demonstrate this effect using color or texture, bypassing standard motion detectors.

Keywords:

Motion abutting gratings footsteps illusion reverse phi second-order texture perception

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Area of Science:

Visual perception
Neuroscience
Motion detection

Background:

The "footsteps illusion" demonstrates how perceived speed of moving objects is modulated by luminance contrast.
Standard motion detection in the brain relies on luminance-based cues.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate "second-order footsteps illusions" where edges are defined by color or texture, not luminance.
To determine if these second-order cues can influence perceived motion speed.

Main Methods:

Presenting moving squares with edges defined by color or texture against striped backgrounds.
Varying the contrast and type of second-order cues.
Measuring perceived speed of the squares.

Main Results:

Second-order cues (color, texture) also modulate the perceived speed of moving squares, similar to luminance contrast.
These illusions occur even when luminance-based motion detectors are not directly stimulated by the edges.

Conclusions:

Perceived visual motion speed is influenced by higher-order visual properties beyond simple luminance.
This suggests that the visual system integrates different types of cues for motion perception.