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Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

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In defence of high-speed memory scanning.

Saul Sternberg¹

¹a Department of Psychology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|August 26, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The high-speed serial exhaustive scanning (SES) process in human memory is supported by evidence, despite past criticisms. Further research is needed to explore remaining questions about this cognitive mechanism.

Keywords:

Memory scanning Memory search Reaction time Sternberg paradigm Sternberg task Working memory

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human Memory

Background:

The high-speed serial exhaustive scanning (SES) process was proposed in the 1960s to explain how humans search active memory.
Evidence from reaction time (RT) patterns initially supported SES, but critics later challenged its existence and validity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence supporting the existence and mechanisms of the SES process in human active memory.
To address criticisms and counterarguments against the SES model by re-examining experimental data and procedures.

Main Methods:

Analysis of reaction time (RT) data from studies on active memory interrogation.
Re-evaluation of original experimental procedures and their impact on RT patterns.
Review of evidence for and against competing theories of memory search, including those based on 'memory-strength'.
Presentation of new experimental results and re-analysis of existing data.

Main Results:

Claims that SES predictions are violated are often based on misinterpretations of experimental variations.
Original experimental procedures consistently support the SES model.
Evidence against competing theories, particularly those relying on 'memory-strength', is substantial and often overlooked.
New analyses and experimental data further bolster the plausibility of the SES model.

Conclusions:

The high-speed serial exhaustive scanning (SES) process remains a valid model for active memory interrogation.
Despite its continued relevance, several associated cognitive puzzles warrant further investigation.