Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

10.6K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
10.6K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.2K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.2K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.2K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.2K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

78.3K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
78.3K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

11.2K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
11.2K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

3.1K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fluctuating internal states mediate neural-behavioral covariations in V1.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Meningeal Lymphatic Impairment in Lung Adenocarcinoma Brain Metastasis Progression.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces for Continuous Peripheral Neural Signal Recording and Robust Cross-Subject Decoding.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025
Same author

Exact Analysis of the Subthreshold Variability for Conductance-Based Neuronal Models with Synchronous Synaptic Inputs.

Physical review. X·2024
Same author

Clinically Translatable Solid-State Dye for NIR-II Imaging of Medical Devices.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2023
Same author

Exact analysis of the subthreshold variability for conductance-based neuronal models with synchronous synaptic inputs.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2023
Same journal

The microlandscapes of tree trunks: the effect of lichen and tree-level characteristics on arthropod communities.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Intertidal microcosms of wave-swept rocky shores: ecological and physiological insights from a uniquely stressful environment.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Temporal and spatial variation in temperature and oxygen at the microscale: key niche axes for aquatic life.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Natural microcosms in ecology: fulfilling the promise of model systems?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Microbe-induced galls and plant defence: metabolite crosstalk in a co-evolutionary battle.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

12.4K

Neural-metabolic coupling in the central visual pathway.

Ralph D Freeman1, Baowang Li2

  • 1Group in Vision Science, School of Optometry, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA rfreeman@berkeley.edu.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|August 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that the initial dip in oxygen levels, not the fMRI signal, offers a more reliable measure of neural activity. This finding challenges current neuroimaging techniques for assessing brain function.

Keywords:
blood flowglucoselactateneural activitytissue oxygenvisual system

More Related Videos

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis
10:19

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: January 7, 2019

10.0K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
05:07

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

12.4K
Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis
10:19

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

Published on: January 7, 2019

10.0K
Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging
11:24

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

Published on: December 12, 2012

14.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relies on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal, which reflects changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin.
  • Neural activation alters tissue oxygen concentration and blood flow, suggesting a direct link to metabolic processes.
  • Understanding these neural-metabolic interactions is crucial for accurate interpretation of brain imaging data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the understanding of primary measurements in non-invasive neural imaging.
  • To investigate the relationship between neural activity, tissue oxygenation, and cerebral blood flow.
  • To compare the reliability of different physiological signals for estimating local neural function.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous co-localized measurements using a neural microelectrode and an oxygen micro-sensor in the central visual pathway.
  • Examination of glucose and lactate levels alongside neural activity.
  • Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement using Doppler techniques.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen responses during neural activation are biphasic: an initial dip followed by a secondary peak.
  • The initial oxygen dip provides a more accurate estimate of local neural function compared to the secondary peak.
  • Increased neural activity correlates with decreased glucose, increased lactate, and delayed CBF.
  • fMRI's initial dip is found to be unreliable for assessing neural function.

Conclusions:

  • The initial dip in tissue oxygen concentration is a superior indicator of local neural function compared to the fMRI BOLD signal's secondary peak.
  • Neural activation is tightly coupled with metabolic changes, including glucose uptake and lactate production, with a slight delay in cerebral blood flow.
  • These findings necessitate a re-evaluation of how neural activity is measured and interpreted in neuroimaging studies.