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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Dirac Node Lines in Pure Alkali Earth Metals.

Ronghan Li1, Hui Ma1, Xiyue Cheng1

  • 1Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.

Physical Review Letters
|September 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a topological feature called the Dirac node line (DNL) in beryllium. This finding explains unusual surface electron behaviors and may exist in other elemental metals.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Surface science
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Beryllium exhibits unusual surface electron behavior, deviating from the nearly free-electron model.
  • Anomalous electron-phonon coupling and giant Friedel oscillations in beryllium remain unexplained.
  • The origins of these surface phenomena in beryllium have been debated without consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying cause of anomalous surface electron behavior in beryllium.
  • To determine if topological properties can explain the observed phenomena.
  • To explore the prevalence of these properties in other alkali earth metals.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles calculations were employed to study the electronic structure of beryllium.
  • The presence and characteristics of topological features, specifically Dirac node lines (DNLs), were analyzed.
  • Theoretical findings were compared with existing experimental data, such as photoemission spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • A Dirac node line (DNL), a topological feature with linear band crossings, was discovered in beryllium.
  • The DNL explains the previously puzzling surface electron behaviors, including deviations from the free-electron picture and large electron-phonon coupling.
  • The topological surface band induced by the DNL aligns with experimental observations on the Be (0001) surface.

Conclusions:

  • The Dirac node line (DNL) is identified as the origin of anomalous surface electron behavior in beryllium.
  • The DNL provides a unified explanation for multiple puzzling phenomena observed in beryllium surface studies.
  • The DNL is also found in other alkali earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr), suggesting it may be a common feature in elemental metals.