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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells
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Membrane Processes.

Marie-Laure Pellegrin1, Marie S Burbano, Mary E Sadler

  • 1CDM Smith, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation
|September 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes 2015 literature on membrane processes for municipal and industrial water treatment. It covers membrane bioreactor (MBR) applications, nutrient removal, and advances in membrane technology for water reuse and pollutant removal.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Membrane Science

Background:

  • Membrane processes are crucial for modern water treatment.
  • Annual reviews track advancements in water treatment systems.
  • Municipal and industrial applications require efficient water management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize literature on membrane processes published in 2015.
  • To cover key aspects of membrane technology in water treatment.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview for researchers and practitioners.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications from 2015.
  • Categorization of studies based on membrane process applications.
  • Synthesis of findings related to various membrane treatment aspects.

Main Results:

  • Detailed information on pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, and operation.
  • Coverage of nutrient removal, industrial treatment, and anaerobic membrane systems.
  • Discussion on water reuse, microconstituents removal, technology advances, fouling, and modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane technology continues to evolve for diverse water treatment needs.
  • Significant progress was observed in MBRs, nutrient removal, and microconstituents removal in 2015.
  • Further research in membrane fouling and modeling is essential for optimizing performance.