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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
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Recent advances in understanding vitiligo.

Prashiela Manga1, Nada Elbuluk1, Seth J Orlow1

  • 1The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.

F1000Research
|September 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitiligo, a skin depigmentation disorder, arises from melanocyte stress and autoimmune responses. Understanding cellular stress, immune pathways, and genetic factors advances new vitiligo treatment strategies.

Keywords:
IFN-γPhototherapyVitiligomelanocyteoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo is an acquired skin depigmentation disorder causing psychological distress.
  • Triggers like sunburn and trauma induce autoimmune responses targeting melanocytes.
  • Recent research illuminates disease mechanisms and potential therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key advancements in understanding vitiligo pathogenesis.
  • To highlight cellular stress responses, immune mechanisms, and genetic factors.
  • To discuss novel therapeutic avenues for vitiligo.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on vitiligo.
  • Analysis of cellular stress pathways (antioxidant, unfolded protein response).
  • Characterization of immune responses (IFN-γ/CXCL10, IL-17) and genetic associations.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in melanocytes are key to vitiligo onset.
  • Chemokines like IL-6 and IL-8 recruit immune cells, promoting melanocyte destruction.
  • Genetic studies link vitiligo risk to antioxidant (NRF2), UPR (XBP1), and immune genes.

Conclusions:

  • Vitiligo pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of cellular stress, autoimmune attack, and genetic predisposition.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides a foundation for developing targeted vitiligo therapies.
  • Novel treatments aimed at repigmentation are under investigation.