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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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[Metabolic changes in pulmonary mitochondria of rats with experimental hyperhomocysteinemia].

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[The study of biochemical mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in rats' hepatocytes during experimental hyperhomocysteinemia].

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[Aspiration in intraligamentous anesthesia].

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[Classification of local anesthesia methods].

A Zh Petricas1, D V Medvedev1, E B Olkhovskaya1

  • 1Tver State Medical Academy, Tver, Russia.

Stomatologiia
|September 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Dental local anesthesia classification needs updating. Spongy anesthesia, a vascular-diffusive method, is highly effective, safe, and versatile, warranting its recognition. This study proposes a new classification system.

Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Anesthesiology
  • Oral Surgery

Background:

  • Traditional dental local anesthesia classifications require revision.
  • The vascular mechanism's role in spongy injection techniques is significant.
  • Spongy anesthesia offers high effectiveness, safety, versatility, and ease of use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a modified classification system for dental local anesthesia.
  • To highlight the importance of the vascular mechanism in spongy anesthesia.
  • To introduce a unified term for specific vascular-diffusive anesthesia methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing dental local anesthesia classification systems.
  • Identification and emphasis on the vascular mechanism in spongy injection.

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  • Categorization of anesthesia methods into diffusive and vascular-diffusive groups.

    • Main Results:

    • The vascular mechanism is the primary component of spongy injection.
    • A new classification distinguishes between diffusive and vascular-diffusive anesthesia.
    • Four techniques (intraosseous, intraligamentary, intraseptal, intrapulpal) can be termed 'spongy (intraosseous) anesthesia'.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed classification refines understanding of dental local anesthesia.
    • Spongy (intraosseous) anesthesia represents a distinct and effective category.
    • This modified system supports the growing prevalence and application of these techniques.