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Related Concept Videos

Gain01:15

Gain

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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
Gain:
Suppose Vin is the input and Vout is the output signal to a circuit.
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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
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Generator voltage control is crucial for maintaining the stable operation of synchronous generators and wind turbines. In older models, a DC generator driven by the rotor delivers DC power to the rotor's field winding, and the power is transferred through slip rings and brushes. In the latest models, static or brushless exciters are used. Static exciters rectify AC power from the generator terminals and then transfer the DC power directly to the rotor. Brushless exciters, on the other hand, use...
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Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
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Related Experiment Video

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An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces
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Gamma-Rhythmic Gain Modulation.

Jianguang Ni1, Thomas Wunderle2, Christopher Murphy Lewis2

  • 1Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Neural Circuits, Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.

Neuron
|September 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural gamma rhythms dynamically modulate brain responses, enhancing effective connectivity during high gain phases. This gain modulation, observed in macaque V4 and cat visual cortex, correlates with faster reaction times, suggesting functional relevance.

Keywords:
Channelrhodopsinattentioncommunication-through-coherence (CTC)effective connectivitygaingammaoscillationrhythmsynchronizationvisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive functions rely on dynamic modulation of effective neural connectivity.
  • Rhythmic activity in postsynaptic neurons may facilitate this modulation through rhythmic gain modulation.
  • Synchronized inputs during high gain phases could enhance effective connectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether visually induced gamma-band activity rhythmically modulates neuronal responses.
  • To determine if this modulation reflects multiplicative gain changes.
  • To assess the functional relevance of gamma-band gain modulation on behavior and its sufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded visually induced gamma-band activity in awake macaque area V4.
  • Analyzed neuronal responses to unpredictable stimulus events.
  • Used optogenetic stimulation in anesthetized cat area 21a to induce gamma-band activity.

Main Results:

  • Visually induced gamma-band activity in macaque V4 rhythmically modulated responses to stimuli.
  • This modulation demonstrated multiplicative gain changes, not just additive superposition.
  • Gamma phases associated with strongest responses correlated with shortest behavioral reaction times.
  • Optogenetic stimulation in cat area 21a induced similar gamma-band gain modulation.
  • Gamma rhythm in area 21a did not spread to area 17, suggesting postsynaptic sufficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Postsynaptic gamma-band activity is sufficient for multiplicative gain modulation.
  • This gain modulation is functionally relevant, impacting behavioral reaction times.
  • Rhythmic gain modulation by gamma activity is a key mechanism for cognitive processing.