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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Psychologic/functional forms of memory disorder.

J Griem1, J Stone2, A Carson3

  • 1Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many patients with memory symptoms do not have dementia. This chapter explores non-dementia causes, including psychological and psychiatric disorders, and their assessment and management.

Keywords:
assessmentfunctional symptomsmanagementmemorymemory clinicsneurologic causesneuropsychiatricnonneurologic causespsychogenicpsychologic or psychiatric memory problems

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuropsychiatry
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Memory clinics often see patients with memory symptoms who do not have dementia.
  • Differential diagnoses for memory symptoms are broad, encompassing neurologic, neuropsychiatric, and psychological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss patients presenting with memory symptoms but without dementia.
  • To focus on psychologic, functional, or psychiatric causes of memory symptoms.
  • To describe a differential categorization and consider assessment and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of patient presentations in memory clinics and health services.
  • Focus on psychologic/functional and psychiatric causes of memory symptoms.
  • Application of the differential categorization by Stone et al. (2015).

Main Results:

  • A wide variety of non-dementia diagnoses can cause memory symptoms.
  • Psychologic, functional, and psychiatric disorders are significant contributors to memory complaints.
  • A structured approach to differential categorization aids in assessment.

Conclusions:

  • It is crucial to consider non-dementia etiologies in patients with memory symptoms.
  • Accurate diagnosis requires a comprehensive assessment, including psychological and psychiatric evaluation.
  • Effective management strategies depend on identifying the underlying cause of memory symptoms.