[Intensive training and menstrual disorders in young female: Impact on bone mass]

Participation in recreational physical activity is widely acknowledged to provide significant health benefits. Conversely, intense training imposes several constraints, such as intermittent or chronic metabolic and psychogenic training stressors and maintenance of very low body fat to maximize performance. Adolescent and adult athletic women are therefore at risk of overtraining and/or poor dietary intake, which may have several consequences for endocrine function particularly on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Female athletes, particularly those participating in sports needing leanness or low body weight, present a high prevalence of menstrual disorders with clinical manifestations ranging from delayed menarche, oligomenorrhea to primary and secondary amenorrhea. A high degree of variability according to the type of sport and the intensity of the practice is however observed. Exercise-related reproductive dysfunction may have some consequences for growth velocity and peak bone mass acquisition during adolescence and bone pathologies in adults. Recent findings highlight the endocrine role of adipose tissue and energy balance in the regulation of homeostasis and reproductive function. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby intense training affects the endocrine systems may orient research to develop innovative strategies probably based on individualized nutritional approach to improve the medical care of these female athletes and protect their reproductive function.